A

Academic OneFile, 80
Acceptance speech, 30, 273
Accountability and responsibility for speech acts, 14, 23-24, 26
Action oriented listening style or preference, 170, 176-177
Active audiences, 53
Active listening is cognitive process, 170, 172, 178-180
Ad hominem fallacy, 241
Ad populum fallacy, 241
African-American oratory through ancient Egyptian perspective, 6
African American Rhetoric(s): Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5
African classical rhetoric value communalism, 6
Afrocentricity, 5
Alcidamas on public speaking, 3
Analogies and imagery in technical speeches, 200, 205-206
Ancient Egypt, 4-6
Anxiety, physiological result, 32, 35-38
Appeal to authority fallacy, 23, 241
Appeal to closure fallacy, 244
Appeal to emotion fallacy, 236
Appreciative listening, 172

Aristotle

• on art of persuasion (rhetoric), 235
• on ethos, pathos, and logos, 118, 235
• Poetics, 240
• On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse, 2
• on voice, 58

Arrangement in canon of rhetoric, 4
Articulation, 137, 139
Asante, Molefi Kete, on ancient Egypt, 5
Association of Colleges and Employers
verbal communication ranks highest, 1
Assumption checking, part of critical listening, 7
Athletic programs and public speaking skills, 1

Audience

• adapting to during speech, 57-59
• analysis. See Audience analysis
• attitudes of, 51
• awareness of needs of, 1, 3, 39, 62
• beliefs of, 51
• credibility with, 26, 53, 61
• demographics of, 50-51
• inattentive—recommendations for, 59
• motivations and expectations of, 51
• questions from, 68
• and speaker dialogue, 62
• and speaker relationship, 59-60, 61
• types of and topic selection, 68-72
• values of, 51
• why am I speaking to this group?, 50

Audience analysis, 48-62

• location of speech, 53
• situational, 55-57
• size of audience, 56, 197
• time of speech, 55

Audience centered, 49-53
Audience demographics
in topic selection and purpose, 25, 48
Audience feedback, 55, 58, 98, 278

• Audience needs
• awareness of how they feel, 260
• speaker attune to in ancient Greece, 252

Audience reaction after speech, 57-59
Audience—voluntary and topic selection, 54, 68
Authenticity and authority of testimony, 86

B

Balance in speech, 60, 96, 123
Begging the question fallacy, 242
Bell Laboratories model of information processing, 8
Biology of communication apprehension, 33-40
Blame and anger as stage of stress, 181
Body movement during speech, move 2-3 steps and stop, 131
Body use, release, redirect, reframe, 41
Brain and fear, 35-38
Brain lag, barrier to listening, 174
Breathing, de-stress technique, 40-41
Bubble technique, visualization, 44

C

Caesar, Julius, Five Canons of Rhetoric, 4
Camel’s nose fallacy, 244
Cannon, Walter, fear response in brain, 35
Captive audiences, 54
Cause-effect organization, 111
Ceremonial speech
Ceremonial speeches. See also Special occasion speeches

Ceremonial speech

• acceptance speech, 273
• dedication speech, 56
• eulogy speech, 56
• farewell speech, 56
• introduction speech, 56
• presentation speech, 56
• roast speech, 56

Charts, 150, 159
Chronemics,
use of time in nonverbal communications, 55

Chronological organization

• of informative speech, 254
• for technical speech, 202

Cicero, elegant style as mark of speaker’s excellence, 4
Citizens’ role in Roman life, 4
Clear, comprehensive, and compelling language, 142-143
Climate of mutual understanding through communication, 14
Cognitive dissonance over ideas contradicting our ideas, 8
Communalism in African classical rhetoric, 6
Communication models, 8-9
Communication resources access, 13, 14
Community building in African classical rhetoric, 6
Comprehensive listening, 172
Comparison/contrast organization for technical speeches, 202
Concept speech, 199

Conclusion to speech

• challenge audience, 121
• refer back to introduction, 100, 249
• refer to story or joke from introduction, 121-122
• signal the end, 100

Conference calls, 278
Confidence as public speaking component, 2
Connectives in speech, 122
Consensus or collaboration in small group, 287, 288
Content-oriented listening style, 178
Contributions to well-being through communication, 14
Courage in expression, 14

Credibility

• lack of barrier to listening, 161
• of speaker—initial, derived, and terminal, 222

Credibility characteristics. See Empathy, Intelligence,
Personal experience, Personal stakes, Reputation,
Sameness
Credo for Ethical Communication
National Communication Association, 13-15
Critical listening, 172
and critical thinking, many commonalities, 6-8
Critical thinking, 6-8

Cuddy, Dr. Amy

• physical position of body before speech, 44-45
• power posing, 127

Cultural communication competency for audience rapport, 62

D

Decision making
Dewey’s steps for, 288-294
Dedication speech, 56
Deductive logic, 240
Delivery as canon of rhetoric, 4
Delivery of speech, 127-147
Delivery triggers to not hearing message, 175
Delusion as stage of stress, 181
Denotative and connotative words, 43
Depression as stage of stress, 181
Desensitization reduces speech anxiety, 40
Dewey, John, decision making in working group, 287
Dignity in African classical rhetoric, 6
Drawings, 151

E

Edge of the wedge fallacy, 244
Egyptians valued reticence, 5
Eloquence in African classical rhetoric, 6
Empathetic listening, 14, 172
Empathy, 236
and credibility, 237
Entertainment speech, 50, 57
Environmental barriers to listening, 173
Ethical listening, Sally Lehrman on, 27

Ethics

• in communication for ancient Romans, 4
• in public speaking, 13-28
• in speaking and listening, 12

Ethos, 235

• harmony with divine justice, 5
• in persuasive speech, 235

Eulogy, 270-272

• as ceremonial speech, 273
• purpose of, 253
• research for, 258

Evaluating or judging listening stage, 172-173
Examples used in speech, 85-86
Exercise for stress relief, 32, 38
Expert testimony versus peer or lay testimony, 86-87
Extemporaneous speech, conversational tone of, 128

Eye contact

• look at audience, 140-141, 239
• North American perspective, 141
• and persuasive speech, 239

F

Facial expression and persuasive speech, 239
False cause fallacy, 243
False dichotomy, 242
False dilemma fallacy, 242
Farewell speech, 56

Fear

• fight or flight response to, 35
• hormonal reaction to, 36-39
• of public speaking. See Speech anxiety

Feel the Fear and Do It Anyway, 33
First Amendment and public speaking, 15

Fluency

• in ancient Egyptian rhetoric, 5
• and pauses, 137
• and rate of speaking, 137

Frozen gestures, 138
Fuller, Buckminster, 6

G

General OneFile, 80

Gestures

• cultural significance of, 136
• in delivery of speech, 4
• frozen gestures, 136
• to reinforce message, 133-134
• and size of audience, 135
• use of hands during speech, 133-136

Gettysburg Address, American oratory, 11
Global plagiarism, 18
Glossophobia
fear of public speaking, 34-35. See also Speech anxiety
Google, 77
Google Scholar, 79
Gore, Al, 241
Government
ancient Greeks depended on oral communication for, 2-3
Graphs, 150, 159
Greeks, ancient, 2-3. See also Aristotle
Group interviews for job candidates, 278, 279

H

Hasty generalization fallacy, 243

Hearing

• barriers to, 173-176
• different from listening, 170

Honesty and accuracy, Credo for Ethical Communication, 13
Hostile audiences, 54-55
Human beings, communication is central characteristic of, 2

I

Impromptu speaking, 129
Increase in knowledge, rapid pace of, 6
Incremental plagiarism, 19
Inductive logic, 240
Informal fallacies, 241-244

Information. See also Research

• access and evaluation of, 7
• accuracy of, 82-83
• assessment of, 82-83
• choose quality from quantity of, 1
• “chunking,” 89-90
• currency of, 83
• placement of in speech, 89-90
• types of, 84-88

Informative small group presentations, 277-278

Informative speech, 50, 69, 185-197

• description—the what, 146
• organization of, 196

Inspirational quote in special occasion speeches, 261
Intelligence and credibility, 236-237
International Listening Association,
half of human activity involves listening, 171
Internet and plagiarism, 18
Internet of Things, increase in knowledge, 6

Introduction speech

• ceremonial speech type, 273
• research for, 258

Introduction to a speech

• establish credibility, 114
• get attention of audience, 114
• preview body of speech, 114
• relate to audience—what is in it for them, 114
• reveal the topic, 114

Invention

• canon of rhetoric, 4
• content consideration, 6

Involuntary audiences, 54

J

K

Kemet

• ancient Egyptian rhetoric by Asante, 5
• silence, 5

Kennedy, President John F., 87
man on the moon, 240-241
on physical fitness, 87
Knowledge and credibility, 236
Knowledge and Rhetoric, 5
Krane, Dr. Edward
TED talk, 205-206, 208, 209
Kristof, Nicholas, 88

L

Labeling emotions and relabeling, 38
Language, clear, comprehensive, and compelling, 142-143
Law and public speaking, 15
Lehrman, Sally, on ethical listening, 27
Letting go stage of stress, 181
Lexis Nexis database, 71
Limbic system creates gut-level response, 35
Lincoln, Abraham, Gettysburg Address, 11

Listening, 172-176

• different from hearing, 170 173
• and evaluating, 171-181
• and multi-tasking, 7
• physiological barriers to, 174
• types of, 172

Listening skills, benefits of, 171
Listening stage, sensing, 172-173

Listening style

• action oriented, 176, 177
• content-oriented, 178
• people-oriented, 177
• time-oriented, 177

Literary review as form of report speech, 189
Lizard brain, 35-39
automatic reflexive behavior, 32, 35

Location of speech and audience analysis, 53

• pre-speech inspection of, 53
• requirements in, 50

Logical fallacies, 241-244
Logos in persuasive speaking, 235

M

N

Narrative speech, 59

National Association of Colleges and Employers

• verbal communication ranks highest, 1
• on public speaking skills, 1

National Communication Association
Credo for Ethical Communication, 13-15
Negotiations and strong public speaking skills, 2
New York Times, 80
Nexis Uni database, 80
Nommo (power of the word), African classical rhetoric, 6
Nonverbal communication of audience provides feedback, 53
Nonverbal consistency theory in persuasive speech, 239

O

Obama, President Barack

• gestures used by, 136
• and word use, 142

Object speech, 199
Occasion for speech, 55-57
Organization of information, public speaking component, 1

Outlining, 93-105

• benefits of, 98
• preparation outline. See Preparation outline
• speaking outline. See Speaking outline

P

Pace in delivery of speech, 4
Panel discussion characteristics and best practices, 281-282
Paralanguage, 58
in persuasive speech, 239
Parallel structure, 123
Passive audiences, 53
Patchwork plagiarism, 18-19
Pathos in persuasive speech, 238
Pauses and fluency, 137-139
People-oriented listening style or preference, 177
Performance-related anxiety,
therapeutic and medical treatments for, 34-35
Personal concerns, listener barrier to listening, 175
Personal experience and credibility, 236
Personal stakes and credibility, 236
Persuasive small group presentations, 277

Persuasive speaking, 235-251

• logos in, 239-240
• organization for, 249-250

Persuasive speech, 50, 69

• central idea is proposition subject to debate, 69
• to convince or reinforce audience, 235
• ethos, pathos, and logos in, 235
• nonverbal cues in, 239
• reorganization of events in, 250
• verbal cues, 238

Photographs, 151
Physical fitness, President John F. Kennedy, on, 87
Physical position of body before speech
power pose, 44-45, 146

Pitch of voice, 58 137-139

• Aristotle on, 58
• part of paralanguage, 58

Plagiarism, 17

• and Internet, 18
• types of, 18-21

Post hoc fallacy, 243
PowerPoint, 151
Practice reduces speech anxiety, 40
Practicing your speech, five steps, 144-146
Pre-judging speaker, 8
Premature evaluation listener barrier to listening, 175-176
Preparation, lessens speech anxiety, 35, 40
Preparation outline, 92, 94-95
Presentation speech, 273
Prestige testimony, 87-88
Primacy organization in persuasive speech, 249
Primary and secondary sources, 76

Principle of complexity

• in persuasive speech, 250
• from simple to complex, 196

Problem solution organization,108
in persuasive speech, 112
for technical speeches, 203
Process speech, 199
Procrastination, 39-40
Pronunciation, 137, 141
Proposition of fact, 245-246
Proposition of policy, 247-249
Proposition of value, 246-247
ProQuest, 80
Persuasive speech, 245
Pseudo-listening, 171
Psychological barriers to hearing
speaker-related and listener related, 174-176
Public service for ancient Romans, 4

Public speaking

• apprehension reduction, 257
• professional skill, 1
• social skill, 1
• tradition of, 2-4

Public speaking skills

• benefits of, 2
• and better relationships, 2
• job benefits, 2
• and professional achievement
• promoted more, 1, 2
• raises more likely with strong skills, 2

Q

R

• and articulation, 137
• and audience’s ability to understand, 89
• part of paralanguage, 58
• and verbal fillers, 137

Recency, organization in persuasive speech, 249
Red herring fallacy, 244
Reference lists in scholarly articles, 81
Relabel and rename fear for stress relief, 42-43
Relabeling stress, 43
Relationships and strong public speaking skills, 2

Report speeches

• purpose of, 188-189
• story-telling skills needed, 189-190

Reputation and credibility, 236

Research. See also Information

• Boolean operators, 78
• citation, 82
• databases, 80
• for effective communication, 75-91
• filling the gaps, 75
• gather, 76-77
• gather, assess, and place, 75
• Google, 77
• primary and secondary sources, 76
• search terms, 77-78
• search tools, 77-78

Response stage of listening, 172, 173
Restraint in ancient Egyptian rhetoric, 5
(On) Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse (Aristotle), 2
Rhythm, Aristotle on, 58
Roast speech as ceremonial speech, 56
Romans, ancient, 4

S

Small group characteristics, 276

• contrast with working group presentation, 280
• formats for, 280-285
• professional interactions in, 278

Small groups, 276

Social anxiety disorder

• different from communication disorder, 34-35

Song lyrics for special occasion speeches, 261
Sophists as teachers and practitioners of rhetoric, 2
Spatial organization, 110

• of informative speech, 196
• for technical speeches, 202

Speaker

• adaptation with audiences, 57-59
• and audience relationship (See Audience and speaker relationship)

Speaking

• breathe first, 138
• in monotone, 138-139

Speaking outline, 92, 95-97
Speaking well components, 1

Special occasion speeches, 253-273

• audience for, 255-256
• check your details, 258
• figurative language in, 257
• purpose of, 253, 254, 255, 259
• research for, 255
• setting for, 256, 257
• set of cultural values in, 253

Specific instances, 85
Speech, 107, 108

• authentic self, 135
• body of organizational models, 108-113
• conclusion in, 120-122
• context of and type of speech, 185
• delivery modes, 127-129
• environment and location of, 53
• introduction in, 114-119
• main message of, 107, 110
• organizational patterns for, 100. See also Cause–effect, Chronological, Problem–Solution, Spatial
• story-telling needed, 189

Speech anxiety

• good information reduces, 35
• preparation reduces, 35
• problems and solutions, 33-46

Speech communication process, 8-9
Speech delivery. See Delivery of speech
Speech of acceptance, 267-268
Speech of commemoration, 268-269
Speech of explanation, the why, 187-188
Speech of instruction, demonstration, 194-195
Speech of introduction, 264-265

• length of, 257

Speech of presentation, 265-266
Speech practice. See Practicing your speech
Speech purposes, 185
Speech rate and hearing rate, 89
Speech rehearsal and delivery, 127-146
Speech structure, 107-124
Speech topic. See Topic selection and purpose
Speech types, 185
Speeches of description—the what, 186
Stage fright. See Speech anxiety
Statistics, 84-85
Stopping speaking—knowing when to stop, public speaking component, 1
Straw man fallacy, 243
Stress

• coping with, 32
• stages of, 181

Students of color increase in United States, 4
Style and canon of rhetoric, 4
Supportive audiences, 54
Symposium characteristics and best practices, 280

T

Technical speaking

• key questions of, 201
• organizational methods, 202-203
• types of technical speeches, 199

Technical speeches

• audience relevance, 206
• multimedia in, 209
• purpose statements for, 207
• technical visuals, 208
• visual ideas in, 210

TED talks, 2

• body pose reduces anxiety, 44-45
• Dr. Edward Krane, 203, 205, 208, 209
• and gestures, 136
• how great leaders inspire action, 158
• success secret being comfortable onstage and great story, 127-128

Tom Wujec, 210
Testimony, 86-87
Thinking brain, identify and label, 36-37
Time, 55, 57
Time-oriented, action oriented, 176
Timing in ancient Egyptian rhetoric, 5

Toast speech, 262-264

• audience for, 255
• ceremonial speech, 57
• purpose of, 255

Tone, 137, 139

• in delivery of speech, 4
• part of paralanguage, 58

Topic selection and purpose, 68-72

• audience demographics, 52
• audience–voluntary, 54
• based on research not “common sense,” 68
• general purpose or central idea, 69, 71-72
• questions to consider about topic selection, 70
• specific purpose of speech, 70, 71-72
• timely and relevant, 68
• what do I feel strongly about?, 67
• what do I want to know more about?, 67

Topical organization

• of informative speech, 189
• for technical speeches, 196

Transitions in speech, 123
Truthfulness in ancient Egyptian rhetoric, 5
Tyson, Neil deGrasse, exemplary technical speaker, 200

U

V

Visual aids for effective communication, 149-161

• charts, 150
• clear message, 157
• drawings, 151
• graphs, 150
• objects, 152
• photographs, 151
• S.M.A.R.T. visual aids, 153-156
• selective use of, 157
• variety in, 158
• video, 152

Visualization

• bubble technique, 44
• reduces anxiety, 43-44

Vocalics, 58. See also Paralanguage

Voice

• Aristotle on, 58
• articulation. See Articulation
• pitch. See Pitch
• pronunciation. See Pronunciation
• rate of speech. See Rate of speech
• tone. See Tone

Volume of speech

• and audience size and space, 139
• part of paralanguage, 58

Voluntary audiences, 54

W

Working group

• decision making, 287-288
• schedule for, 286

Working group findings

• presentation of, 294-296

Working group presentation, 297-298

• contrast with small group presentation, 298
• establish clear lines of communication, 286
• everyone knows each other, 285
• introduction to, 292
• organizational patterns for, 291-292
• reducing apprehension, 297

Wujec, Tom, TED talk, 210